２）Verbal Karma口業

From the negative perspective, unwholesome verbal karmas are cause by speeches involving coarse language（惡口）, duplicity（兩舌）, lying（妄語）, idle talks（綺語）, exposing other’s shortcomings or faults, flattery or sweet talk, or slander; or using words to harm, deceive, or embarrass others. From the positive perspective, wholesome verbal karmas can be achieved through encouragement, praise, protect others, spreading words of others’ virtues, constructive speech, honest words, or any words that praise others, help others or bring benefit to others.

３）Mental Karma意業

From the negative perspective, unwholesome mental karma is caused by the fluttering delusion of greed（貪）, the selfish attempt to make gains at others’ expense, the fierce face and ferocious-ness of hatred（瞋）, the personal grudge against the whole world for his/her failure, the fallacious attachment（執著） caused by ignorance（癡）, the evil view against cause and effect（因果）, or any thoughts that gives rise to greed, hatred or erroneous views. From the positive perspective, wholesome mental karma involves treating others with equality, giving others joy, preventing the poison of hatred from arising, not becoming angry on unreasonable accounts, giving rise to right views, pure and virtuous wisdom, and keep the mind away from inappropriate pursuits, hatred or evil views.

The Buddhist concept of karma is a wondrous teaching that is absolutely fair and reasonable. Be it fortune or misfortune, our own body, speech and mind are responsible for such outcomes. No one else can decide what we become, only we ourselves can.

Upon the moment of death, there is nothing we can bring with us except our own karma. Therefore it is better to give rise to virtuous kar-mas through our physical, verbal and mental ac-tivities.

【Keywords： 關鍵字】

unwholesome karma（惡業）

wholesome karma（善業）