When we practice the bodhisattva path, we must adopt four kinds of expedient means in order to benefit boundless beings. Known as the Four All-Embracing Virtues (Catuh-samgraha-vastu), these expedient means include: generosity{1}(dana), affectionate speech{2} (priyavacana), beneficial deeds{3} (arthakrtya), and fellow-ship{4} (samanarthata).

1. Generosity: To those who are poor, we can give money, clothing, food, medicine, as well as housing, bedding and so forth. For those who are in pursuit of knowledge and improvement, we can teach them knowledge and skills, or give books of Buddhist sutras and teach the Dharma to them.

For those who are timid and in fear, we need to relieve them from their fear of threats or oppres-sions, offer relief aid and comfort to those affected by natural disasters and epidemics and help protect them and allow them to feel cared for in terms of material and spiritual needs. Consequently, they will develop faith, follow the right path, and practice the Buddha-dharma.

2. Affectionate speech: This involves praising others’ virtue, comforting those who are suffering, lifting others’ spirit, encouraging other to strive upwards, giving other happiness, and offering others unlimited encouragement and support. However, affectionate speech is not about being hypocritical or telling lies. It is true-hearted and sincere speech, teaching others the Dharma in a way suitable to their needs and aptitudes, and to help others progress in something that is of their interest. Furthermore, affectionate speech is to praise Buddha’s merits and advocate the benefits of generosity in order to inspire the wealthy to give, and the ignorant to attain en-lightenment. Subsequently, help them will believe in the righteous Dharma and bring happiness to all.


【Key Words】

{1}Generosity：布施
{2}Affectionate speech：愛語
{3}Beneficial Deeds：利行
{4}Fellowship：同事